The ancient Middle East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient Persia, Anatolia and the Armenian highlands, the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula. The ancient Middle East spans a vast time frame, covering the period from around 3500 BCE to the early centuries CE.
A modest clay tablet preserves a snapshot of life in the Ur III dynasty. It records messengers’ rations—soup, fish, and mutton—alongside their missions. From carrying royal offerings to capturing fugitive workers, these couriers kept the empire connected. Four millennia later, the tablet speaks across time, showing the ingenuity, discipline, and human heartbeat behind one of history’s earliest bureaucracies.
Ancient history is being reinterpreted with new insights, suggesting that Vedic religion might have influenced the ancient Middle East, particularly through the Hurrians and the Mitanni kingdom. The Mitanni, led by an Indo-Aryan elite, integrated aspects of Vedic culture while ruling over a Hurrian-speaking populace. However, this influence was primarily limited to the elite, with no evidence of widespread Vedic practice in the region.
The story recounts the life of Sibtu, a priestess of the moon god Nanna in ancient Ur, highlighting her divine connection and powerful role within the temple. Chosen at a young age, she relinquished her identity to serve the deity, influencing both religious and political spheres. Despite her authority, Sibtu experienced personal sacrifices, ultimately dedicating her life to ensuring Ur’s prosperity. Her legacy intertwines with the sacred marriage ritual, symbolizing divine and earthly unity.
Nanna, the moon god of ancient Sumer, was a celestial deity revered for his profound influence over time, agriculture, and destinies. As the lord of the lunar calendar, he provided guidance and protection to mortals, particularly in Ur, where his grand ziggurat stood as a testament to his power. Nanna's legacy transcended Sumer, influencing neighboring cultures and highlighting the enduring connection between humanity and celestial bodies.
Enheduanna, the first known author in history, was a high priestess in ancient Mesopotamia around 2300 BCE. Daughter of Sargon of Akkad, she bridged cultures through her literary works and divine devotion, particularly to Inanna. Her poetry reflects deep personal and spiritual struggles, establishing her enduring legacy in literature and religion.
The Ubaid culture, existing in southern Mesopotamia around 5000 to 4000 BCE, laid the groundwork for Sumerian civilization. Notably, the Lizard Figurines, with their unique reptilian features, suggest complex societal beliefs, including possible connections to shamanism and fertility. These artifacts highlight Ubaid advancements in art, agriculture, and spirituality.
On International Literacy Day, we celebrate the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, the world's oldest known library, founded in the 7th century BCE. This treasure trove of knowledge housed 30,000 cuneiform tablets, including the "Epic of Gilgamesh." Ashurbanipal, a martial commander with a passion for literature, amassed texts through conquests. Unearthed in the 19th century, its surviving tablets offer valuable insights into ancient Mesopotamia. Despite its destruction, the library's unintentional preservation through fire ensures the wisdom of the past endures.
Amid the sunburnt plains southeast of Baghdad stands **Taq Kasra**, the last majestic arch of the Sasanian Empire. Once part of the grand palace at **Ctesiphon**, it remains the world’s largest brick vault—a symbol of Persia’s architectural brilliance. Weathered yet proud, the arch endures as a timeless reminder that empires fade, but their legacies endure.
The first person in recorded history, known through ancient writings, is Kushim, an accountant from Mesopotamia. His name, etched on a clay tablet dating back to 3200 BCE, reflects a significant yet humble role in documenting economic transactions and the emergence of writing. This discovery highlights the vital contribution of ordinary individuals to civilization, reminding us that history is shaped by both extraordinary figures and everyday people like Kushim.
The Old Souq or Qaysari Bazaar, in Iraq's Erbil, is a historic marketplace dating back to the 8th century. As one of the world's oldest inhabited areas, it reflects a rich cultural mixture from various civilizations. Renowned for its vibrant atmosphere and diverse offerings, the Souq features a blend of traditional and modern commerce. Its enticing architecture, array of shops, friendly locals, and culinary delights make it an immersive experience that transcends shopping, offering visitors a journey through time and the cultural tapestry of Kurdish heritage.
