Reliefs and murals are fascinating forms of artistic expression found across various cultures and historical periods. Reliefs are sculptures where the figures are attached to a background but project slightly from it. They can be found on walls, columns, and other surfaces. Reliefs have been used in ancient civilizations like Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, as well as in more contemporary art movements. Murals are large-scale paintings or artworks applied directly to walls or ceilings. They can depict a wide range of subjects including historical events, social commentary, or purely aesthetic compositions. Murals have been an integral part of human expression for thousands of years, dating back to prehistoric cave paintings.
Beer is not merely a drink but a distilled memory of civilisation itself. From Sumerian hymns and Egyptian wages to India’s ancient rice brews and modern craft taprooms, beer has flowed alongside human history—nourishing bodies, binding communities, and carrying stories across time, geography, and culture, one fermented sip at a time.
Four years ago, in the National Museum of Iraq, I encountered the mythic creature Mushussu, a hybrid of serpent, lion, and eagle in Mesopotamian mythology. Its name, stemming from Akkadian, connects to divine power and protection associated with Marduk, Babylon's chief god. Mushussu embodied attributes of vitality and guardianship, prominently featured on the Ishtar Gate. Today, its legacy persists in museums and digital platforms, bridging ancient mythology with modern cultural imagination.
Airports evoke a unique introspection, marked by the transition between known and unknown. While waiting during a layover at Doha, the author reflects on a Warli art mural seen at Indira Gandhi Airport. This ancient art form, practiced by the Warli tribe, symbolizes ancestral memory and nature's sacredness. The mural serves as a cultural ambassador, reminding travelers of enduring stories and the traditions connecting them to India's heritage.
The Isko Caves in Jharkhand, India, are a significant archeological site and a testament to the country's prehistoric art and culture. Situated in a forest, the caves contain rock paintings from the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9000-5000 BCE). Local tribes, upholding the tradition of rock painting, connect the present day to the past via rituals performed at these caves. These caves, discovered in 1991, require proper maintenance and protection to conserve this important heritage site.
Crossing the Bhutan Gate into Phuentsholing is like stepping into another world. From serene monasteries and the vibrant riverside of the Torsa, to the bustling markets and cozy Kizom Café, every corner tells a story. Cultures blend, nature thrives, and spirituality whispers through the town. Even a day here reveals Bhutan’s charm, leaving memories that linger long after departure.
The Rankini Temple in Jadugora, Jharkhand, is a sacred Hindu temple venerating Rankini Devi, with a rich history and tranquil atmosphere. Located near the Hata-Jadugora State Highway, it stands as a significant blend of historical and spiritual heritage. It is a must-visit for those seeking spiritual solace and unique cultural experiences in Jharkhand.
Chandraketugarh, an ancient archaeological site in West Bengal, was once a bustling trade hub dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Named after King Chandraketu, the city flourished till the 12th century CE. Boasting artifacts and structures from various civilizations, it showcases a blend of indigenous Indian culture and influences from Greece, Persia, and Southeast Asia. Chandraketugarh, also possibly the ancient capital of Vanga and the kingdom of Gangaridai, remains a mystery due to inadequate research and awareness. The West Bengal state government established a museum in 2017 to protect its artifacts.
In the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia not only gave the world writing and the wheel but also its first cookbook. Etched on clay tablets around 1700 BCE, these ancient recipes reveal a sophisticated palate — stews rich with lamb, onions, and spices — and remind us that humanity’s story has always been written in the language of food.
The Udayagiri Khandagiri Caves of Odisha, dating to the 2nd century BC, are a complex of 33 caves carved from sandstone hills by Jain monks. Known for intricate carvings, these caves were historical dwelling places, meditation chambers, and religious centers. The premises bear an entry charge, housing several remarkable features like inscriptions, rock-cut sculptures, and Jain structures. They offer a deep dive into an ancient era, with the caves' creations reminiscent of famous structures like Ajanta and Ellora.
Babylon, one of the most influential cities of ancient Mesopotamia, has a history that spans almost two millennia. From its initial foundation as a small Akkadian town in the third millennium BC to its rise as the capital of the Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi's rule, the city has had periods of grandeur and decline. Notable for its significant landmarks like the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Babylon also housed notable figures such as Hammurabi, famous for his code of laws. Its ruins are now in Iraq, open to visitors who want to explore its rich heritage.
