The sacred groves of Jharkhand, known locally as Sarna or Sarna sthal, are revered sites within the culture and heritage of the Adivasi communities. These forested areas, rich with sal trees (Shorea robusta) and a variety of other species, serve as profound places of reverence for the indigenous people residing in the state. They encapsulate the spiritual essence and ecological wisdom of the Adivasi tribes, fostering a deep connection between humanity and nature.

Ancient Roots of Reverence

The veneration of trees and groves is an ancient practice whose origins remain shrouded in mystery. Long before the rise of classical religions and the construction of grand temples, human worship was intrinsically linked to natural settings such as caves, rivers, waterholes, stones, megaliths, and, significantly, trees and sacred groves. These elements of nature served as the earliest temples, embodying the divine and the spiritual in their purest forms.

Sarnas: The Temple Groves

Sarnas, abundantly present in the central and southern regions of Jharkhand, are temple groves revered by various tribes, including Munda, Oraon, Asur, Baiga, Santhal, and Ho. A Sarna typically encompasses at least five trees, predominantly sal trees, which hold the utmost sanctity for the Adivasis. Unlike the Hindu veneration of the Banyan (Ficus bengalensis) or the Peepal (Ficus religiosa), the Adivasis’ reverence for the sal tree underscores their unique spiritual tradition.

Ritualistic Practices & Cultural Syncretism

Despite the spread of classical religions, many Adivasi and Hindu communities continue to perform rituals in sacred groves, maintaining a blend of tribal and Hindu traditions. These communities often worship both tribal and Hindu deities and observe festivals unique to their cultural heritage. Importantly, they follow a non-Brahmanical mode of worship, with rituals conducted by non-Brahmanical priests, reflecting a distinct socio-spiritual identity.

The Spiritual Significance of Tree Worship

The practice of tree worship can be traced back to ancient fertility cults, where trees were seen as symbols of fertility and life. Additionally, the belief in spirits residing in forests—a mix of fear and reverence—further solidified the practice of tree worship. The Adivasis believe that these spirits, both benevolent and malevolent, have the power to aid humanity in times of need, thus earning their favour through worship and offerings.

Sacred Groves as Ecological Sanctuaries

The sacred groves of Jharkhand, characterized by sal trees along with mahua, neem, and banyan, serve as sanctuaries for biodiversity. These groves are places where activities like tree felling, harm to animals, and plucking of leaves are strictly prohibited, highlighting the Adivasis’ deep respect for nature. The sal tree, in particular, is revered as the dwelling place of Singh Bonga, the supreme deity, further emphasizing the sacredness of these groves.

Guardians of Tradition & Nature

The tribes worshipping in sacred groves share a common belief that the gods, goddesses, and spirits residing there act as protectors. These divine entities are thought to safeguard the worshippers, their families, livestock, crops, and villages from threats and dangers. This belief underscores the integral role of sacred groves in the socio-spiritual life of the Adivasi communities.

The Cultural & Ecological Heritage

Sacred groves are not only significant cultural and religious sites but also crucial hubs of biodiversity. Ancient Hindu scriptures, along with Jain, Buddhist, and Tamil Sangam literature, acknowledge the importance of sacred groves, reflecting their enduring significance across various traditions. The groves represent a priceless heritage that must be preserved for future generations, safeguarding both their ecological richness and cultural legacy.

Preserving the Sacred Groves

The preservation of sacred groves is essential for maintaining the cultural and ecological balance. These groves embody the symbiotic relationship between humanity and nature, offering invaluable lessons in sustainability and spiritual reverence. By protecting these sacred spaces, we honour the traditions of the Adivasi communities and contribute to the conservation of our natural heritage.

Reflection

The sacred groves of Jharkhand are profound symbols of the Adivasi’s spiritual and ecological wisdom. They remind us of the intrinsic value of nature and the deep-rooted traditions that celebrate and protect it. Preserving these groves is not just an act of cultural conservation but a commitment to sustaining the harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment.