Balkh: A Kingdom Shrouded in the Dust of the Mahabharata

This guest post by Sibaram Das explores the historical significance of Balkh, the ancient kingdom of Bahlika, the elder brother of King Shantanu, who later became the king of Hastinapur. This leads to the city of Balkh, located near Afghanistan's Hindu Kush mountains. In modern-day Afghanistan, Balkh is rich in cultural heritage and is associated with figures like Zoroaster and Jalaluddin Rumi. The author shares his journey through its ruins, reflecting on its layered histories and how tangible connections to the past can enrich our understanding of ancient myths.

A Journey Through Time: Exploring the Citadel of Erbil

On June 5, 2025, I visited Erbil's Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, filled with anticipation to explore its rich history. However, upon arrival, I learned the Citadel was closed for renovations. Despite the disappointment, I found joy capturing views of the Citadel from outside, enjoying the nearby bustling Qaysari Bazaar, and sharing a moment with a small bird at a café. I left with a promise to return and explore its ancient treasures.

Qaysari Bazaar: Where Tradition Meets Modernity in Erbil

The Old Souq or Qaysari Bazaar, in Iraq's Erbil, is a historic marketplace dating back to the 8th century. As one of the world's oldest inhabited areas, it reflects a rich cultural mixture from various civilizations. Renowned for its vibrant atmosphere and diverse offerings, the Souq features a blend of traditional and modern commerce. Its enticing architecture, array of shops, friendly locals, and culinary delights make it an immersive experience that transcends shopping, offering visitors a journey through time and the cultural tapestry of Kurdish heritage.

Mushussu: The Serpent-Dragon of Babylon

Four years ago, in the National Museum of Iraq, I encountered the mythic creature Mushussu, a hybrid of serpent, lion, and eagle in Mesopotamian mythology. Its name, stemming from Akkadian, connects to divine power and protection associated with Marduk, Babylon's chief god. Mushussu embodied attributes of vitality and guardianship, prominently featured on the Ishtar Gate. Today, its legacy persists in museums and digital platforms, bridging ancient mythology with modern cultural imagination.

The Mask of Warka: A Timeless Gaze into Mesopotamian Civilisation

The Mask of Warka, dating to 3100 BCE, is a pivotal archaeological find from Uruk in ancient Mesopotamia. Likely representing the goddess Inanna, its striking naturalism showcases early sculptural artistry and religious symbolism. The mask reflects the civilization’s complex beliefs and artistic evolution, bridging the divine and human realms in ancient culture.

Between Stones & Stars: A Journey to Pakri Barwadih’s Megalithic Marvels

The Pakri Barwadih megalithic site in Jharkhand, India, reveals the advanced astronomical knowledge of ancient civilizations. Dating back over 3,000 years, these monumental stones were used as observatories and calendars, marking seasonal festivals. Despite its significance, the site faces threats from urbanization and neglect. Preservation efforts are crucial to maintain this cultural heritage, which offers insights into human history and wisdom. Protecting Pakri Barwadih ensures future generations can appreciate this archaeological treasure.