The UNESCO World Heritage List is a collection of culturally and naturally significant sites around the world that are recognized for their outstanding universal value. It aims to protect and preserve these sites for future generations. UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List includes cultural practices, traditions, expressions, knowledge, and skills that are recognized for their significance. This list helps raise awareness and safeguard important intangible cultural heritage around the world.
On June 5, 2025, I visited Erbil's Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, filled with anticipation to explore its rich history. However, upon arrival, I learned the Citadel was closed for renovations. Despite the disappointment, I found joy capturing views of the Citadel from outside, enjoying the nearby bustling Qaysari Bazaar, and sharing a moment with a small bird at a café. I left with a promise to return and explore its ancient treasures.
Erbil, the capital of Kurdistan, hosts the Erbil Citadel, one of the oldest inhabited sites globally. Inside its ancient walls, Machko Chai Khana tea house offers a cozy atmosphere and traditional Iraqi chai, rich in spices and history. The tea house embodies Iraqi hospitality, fostering connections among locals and travelers. A visit to Machko is essential for those seeking cultural and culinary experiences in Erbil.
Amid the sunburnt plains southeast of Baghdad stands **Taq Kasra**, the last majestic arch of the Sasanian Empire. Once part of the grand palace at **Ctesiphon**, it remains the world’s largest brick vault—a symbol of Persia’s architectural brilliance. Weathered yet proud, the arch endures as a timeless reminder that empires fade, but their legacies endure.
Our final day in Darjeeling was filled with exploration, starting at Ghum Railway Station, the highest in India. We visited the Old Ghum Monastery and Batasia Loop, marveling at their histories. The day culminated in the vibrant Chowrasta square before dining at Glenary's, leaving us with cherished memories of this enchanting region.
The Paryavaran Mela (Environment Fair) was held in Ranchi, India, and hosted by the non-profit, Yugantar Bharti, in collaboration with the Nature Foundation. The event included environmental conservation stalls, handicraft vendors from various states, and cultural performances, particularly the Chhau dance. The Chhau dance, a significant symbol of community identity and unity, originates from Eastern India and is recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Durga Puja is a vibrant festival embodying history, spirituality, and community, celebrating the goddess Durga as a symbol of strength and motherhood. Its roots trace back to ancient times, evolving through various cultural influences in Bengal. The festival transformed during the colonial era into a symbol of national pride. Today, Durga Puja combines artistic expression with devotion, showcasing innovations in decoration and culture. Recognised by UNESCO, it remains a powerful reflection of Bengal’s identity and unity.
Kolkata's Durga Puja has been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as of December 15, 2021, marking a proud moment for India and Bengal. This festival honors Goddess Durga's victory over evil, blending spirituality and artistry. Beyond its religious significance, Durga Puja fosters community bonding and creativity, featuring elaborate themes and craftsmanship. Its recognition underscores its role as a cultural treasure, promoting unity among diverse groups.
Settled more than 6,000 years ago, Erbil Citadel is thought to be one of the longest continuously inhabited sites in the world. The Citadel, which rises some 30 meters above the plain, is surrounded by a lower town that developed in the modern city of Erbil. The Erbil Citadel, locally called Qelat, is a tell or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of Erbil. Over the millennia, the Erbil Citadel has taken shape, each generation building new structures on top of those of the previous generation.
Dolma, a beloved dish with stuffed vegetables like grape leaves, peppers, and eggplants, reflects a culinary evolution across the Mediterranean, Middle East, and India. With origins in the Ottoman Empire, dolma has evolved through Byzantine refinement and Arab influences, reaching diverse regions like Greece, Azerbaijan, and Bengal. Today, it continues to captivate palates with vegetarian and vegan variations, embodying the spirit of cultural exchange and culinary exploration.
In January, we attended a wedding in Varanasi and fulfilled my mother's wish to bathe in the Triveni Sangam during Mauni Amavasya. This brought back memories of our 2013 pilgrimage to the Maha Kumbh Mela. The Mela, recognized by UNESCO, attracts millions seeking spiritual purification. Our experience was enriched by the inclusive participation of the Kinnar Akhada. The massive event showcased a seamless blend of tradition and modernity, leaving a profound impact on our spiritual journey.
